| Sažetak | Banijska šara (BŠ) izvorna je pasmina svinja uvrštena na popis izvornih i zaštićenih
pasmina i sojeva 2018. od kada se nalazi u programu konzervacije. Navedeno, kao i
činjenica da se radi o relativno maloj populaciji, poznavanje njenih fenotipskih i genetskih
karakteristika neophodno je za provedbu programa konzervacije, kao i provođenje ciljanih
sparivanja kako bi se zadržale pasminska obilježja i genetska raznolikost unutar populacije.
Veličina legla jedno je od najvažnijih proizvodnih svojstava u svinjogojskoj proizvodnji, a
identifikacija kandidat gena za veličinu legla doprinosi povećanju reproduktivne
učinkovitosti. Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi morfometrijske karakteristike i obilježja
vanjštine, reproduktivne pokazatelje i polimorfizam ESR1 i RBP4 gena te njihov utjecaj na
svojstvo veličine legla kao i genetsku raznolikost i strukturu populacije BŠ svinje. Analizom
morfometrijskih svojstava i obilježja vanjštine 50 odraslih reproduktivno aktivnih jedinki
utvrđeno je da BŠ spada u pasmine svinja srednje velikog tjelesnog okvira s visinom do
grebena između 72 i 77 cm i tjelesnom masom oko 160 kg. Pasminu karakterizira
prekrivenost tijela s pretežito sivobijelom bojom dlake i nepravilnim crnim šarama koje
zauzimaju više od 50 % površine tijela te djelomična pigmentiranost sluznica i papaka.
Analizom ukupno 184 legla BŠ svinje utvrđena je prosječna veličina legla od 8,5
ukupnooprasene (UO), odnosno 7,5 živooprasene (ŽO) prasadi što je za 2,0 praseta više
u odnosu na crnu slavonsku svinju i 3,1 praseta više u odnosu na turopoljsku svinju. Na 25
krmača BŠ svinje provedena je genotipizacija ESR1 i RBP4 gena. Frekvencija genotipova
za oba istraživana marker gena (ESR1 i RBP4) u populaciji BŠ svinje ne pokazuju značajno
odstupanje od Hardy-Weibergove ravnoteže. Za ESR1 gen karakterističan je visoki udio
alela A (0,78), odnosno visoki udio homozigotnih jedinki AA genotipa (0,60). Kod RBP4
gena prevladava prisutnost alela B (0,60) te jedinke BB genotipa (0,44). Polimorfizam ESR1
gena nije imao značajan utjecaj na pokazatelje plodnosti kod BŠ dok je taj utjecaj prisutan
kod prvopraskinja u odnosu na RBP4 gen. Svinje BŠ pokazuju veliku genetsku raznolikost
unutar populacije mjerenu pomoću pokazatelja opažene (Ho) i očekivane (He)
heterozigotnosti (0,6349 i 0,6566), broja alela po lokusu (NA; 7,1875), sadržaja polimorfnih
informacija (PIC; 0,6123) i Fis - koeficijenta inbridinga (0,03317), te se genetski razlikuju od
sličnih i geografski bliskih populacija svinja uključujući i one s kojima dijele zajedničke pretke
(crna slavonska svinja) ili koje su imale utjecaja na njeno stvaranje (turopoljska svinja). |
| Sažetak (engleski) | In 2018, the Banija spotted pig breed (Banijska šara, BS) was added to the list of native and
protected pig breeds and strains. This, along with the fact that the population is small in
comparison, confirms that information about its phenotypic and genetic traits is required for
the implementation of targeted pairings and conservation programs aimed at preserving
genetic diversity and breed characteristics within the population. Identifying potential genes
for litter size increases the efficiency of reproduction, making litter size one of the most
significant production characteristics in pig production. The extended goal of this research
was to determine morphometric characteristics, external features, reproductive indicators,
and the polymorphism of the ESR1 and RBP4 genes, along with their impact on litter size,
genetic diversity, and population structure of BS pigs. Body mass and morphometric
properties (wither’s height, height at the sacrum, and root of the tail; seven measurements
on the trunk and four on the extremities) were determined on fifty adult and reproductively
active individuals (38 sows and 12 boars), aged 14 to 44 months, in various reproductive
stages. For morphometric measurements, Lydtin’s rod, a measuring tape, and a protractor
were utilised. A livestock scale (TehnoNet) was used to determine body mass. In order to
compare the reproductive indicators of the Banija spotted pig with those of two other
autochthonous breeds (Black Slavonian and Turopolje pigs), an analysis was conducted on
184 litters of Banija spotted pigs, 1174 litters of Turoplje pigs, and 18228 litters of Black
Slavonian pigs. DNA isolation was done on twenty individuals of the Turopolje, Black
Slavonian, and Landrace pig breeds, as well as on reproductively active, non-related Banija
spotted sows and boars that were included in the study (N=30). 24 MS and 16 MS markers
were selected from the ISAG-FAO recommendation list. 25 Banija spotted pigs were used
for the genotyping of the candidate genes for litter size (ESR1 and RBP4), with at least one
litter recorded and assessed using the PCR-RFLP method.
The average body mass of the sows and boars that were measured was roughly the same
(162.6 kg vs. 162.2 kg), with the sows having slightly bigger variances between the
minimum and maximum values (209 kg) than the boars (155 kg). Sows measured 72.1 cm
at the withers, which was 5 cm less than boars’ average height. Boars had values that were,
on average, 5-7 cm higher than sows for both the height at the withers and the height to the
base of the tail. The sows’ average carcass length was 116.3 cm, which was roughly 2 cm
less than the boars’. Chest circumference (131.1 cm or +7 cm), abdominal circumference
(132.6 cm or +7.4 cm), and chest width (33.6 cm or +0.3 cm) were all greater in sows than
in boars. The average head length and head width measured in sows were 31.1 cm and
16.1 cm, respectively. The average nose length of sows was found to be shorter (-0.7 cm)
than that of boars, whereas their average nose width was slightly greater (+0.3 cm).
Comparing male categories (boars and young boars) to female categories (sows and gilts),
the measured values of tail length were greater in the former. With respect to ear position,
the majority of the individuals under analysis had flat ears, with semi-flat ears following
closely behind. Only one male (a boar) showed projecting ears. In terms of back line
appearance, 91.7% of sows and all other categories (boars, gilts, and young boars) have a
straight back line. Only 8.3% of sows had a convex dorsal line. Regarding the nasal profile
of BS pigs, 56.8% of sows and 66.7% of boars were found to have a flat nasal profile. On
the other hand, sows accounted for 43.2% and boars for 33.0% of the total number of
individuals with a sunken nasal profile. Of the sows, 55.6% had short hair and 25% had
boars; of the sows, 44.4% had long hair and 75% of the boars had short hair. Of the sows,
52.8% had black pigment on their hooves, while the boars had 8.3%. 52.8% of sows and
58.3% of boars had a flat tail, according to an analysis of the tail’s appearance in several
BS pig groups. On average, 51.9% of the body surface was covered in black patterns,
compared to 48.1% in white patterns. In 50% of boars with the right ear and 66.7% of boars
with the left, the pigment content was undetermined. For both the left and right ears, more
than one-third of the coloured ear was present in 64.9% and 62.2% of the sows,
respectively. The average litter size of 184 BS pigs, or 8.5 total born (TB) or 7.5 born alive
(FL) piglets, was found by analysis of the observed litters. A slightly greater proportion of
FL female piglets (3.9) than male piglets (3.6) was discovered after the sexes’ relationship
was analysed. There were statistically significantly lower values (P<0.05) of all observed
fertility indicators in the two other original breeds of pigs in the Republic of Croatia, the
Turopolje pig (TP) and the Black Slavonian pig (BSP), as compared to BS.
Genotype frequencies for both examined marker genes (ESR1 and RBP4) in the BS pig
population do not show significant deviation from the Hardy-Weiberg equilibrium. The ESR1
gene is characterised by a high proportion of allele A (0.78), i.e., a high proportion of
homozygous individuals of the AA genotype (0.60) and heterozygous AB (0.36), while only
one individual had the BB genotype (0.04). Allele B (0.60) is the most common and accounts
for the biggest proportion of genotypes with BB (0.44), according to the study of RBP4 gene
polymorphism. Next in frequency (0.32) are heterozygotes, with the AA of homozygous
individuals having the lowest number observed. In BS pigs, the polymorphism of the ESR1
gene did not significantly affect fertility indicators; however, in primiparous sows, this
influence is evident with respect to the RBP4 gene.
For the purposes of defining the genetic diversity of the BS pig breed and its differentiation
in relation to other native and pure pig breeds in Croatia, an analysis of genetic variability
and comparison with Turopolje pigs (TP), and Black Slavonian pigs (BSP), and pure pig
breeds bred in the Republic of Croatia, Landrace (L), Large Yorkshire (LY), Duroc (D), and
Pietrain (P) were done. According to the findings, BS had the highest average number of
alleles per locus (7.36), whereas TP had the lowest average (2.92). In Y (0.7221), the
observed heterozygosity (Ho) was highest, whereas in TP (0.342), it was lowest. The
inbreeding coefficient was the highest for TP (0.08830), slightly lower for BS (0.08691) and
the lowest for D (-0.01172). The highest FST value for the Banija spotted pig breed was
0.2868 (between BS and TP), while the lowest was 0.1052 between BS and BSP. Of the
pure breeds, the Pietrain (0.2492) is the farthest from it, and the Landrace (0.206) is the
closest. An average of 578 animals was genotyped using 16 MS markers, 127 of which
were BS. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) in the BS was 0.6349, and the expected
heterozygosity (He) was 0.6566, while the lowest values were recorded in the Turopolje
pigs (Ho 0.369; He 0.3787), and the highest in the Large Yorkshire pigs (Ho 0, 7221; He
0.7059). The lowest FST value was recorded between BS and L (0.0878), while the highest
was 0.3112 (between BS and TP). Out of all the native pig breeds, BS and BSP had the
closest fixation index value, at 0.1079. As a result, the BS pig population exhibits high
genetic diversity within itself and differs genetically from other similar and geographically
close pig populations, such as the Black Slavonian or Turopolje pigs, with whom it shares
common ancestors. |
