| Abstract | Spolni ciklus kobila traje prosječno 19 do 22 dana, s varijacijama od 18 do 24 dana.
Kod kobila u kojih su dobro izraženi vanjski znakovi estrusa primjećuje se da su nemirne, pri
četkanju su škakljive i tijekom rada su često neposlušne, često mokre, podižu rep, dolazi do
bliskanja stidnice. Kod kliničke pretrage cilj je postavljanje točne dijagnoze na temelju koje
se donosi točna i pouzdana prognoza. Nakon oplodnje, ako dođe do gravidnosti moramo
posvetiti posebnu pažnju kobili. Za vrijeme gravidnosti kod kobila se javlja niz različitih
patoloških stanja, koja su različitih podrijetla i koja mogu ugroziti plod. U patologiju poroda
ubrajaju se i ozljede koje nastaju tijekom porođaja, a najčešće se otkrivaju tek po njegovom
završetku. Trajanje gravidnosti je genski nasljedno i biološki promjenjivo, a u kobile iznosi
336 (322 – 387) dana. Oplođene jajne stanice su 48±12 sati nakon ovulacije u razvojnoj fazi
od sveukupno 4 ili 8 stanica. Metode dijagnostike gravidnosti dijele se na uzgojne, kliničke i
laboratorijske. Četiri do šest tjedana prije termina ždrijebljenja kobilu treba premjestiti u suh,
čist i topao prostor predviđen za ždrijebljenje. Plod koji dosegne stupanj određene zrelosti
svojim endiokrinim sustavom fetoplacentalnog spoja izaziva porod. U kobila stadij
istiskivanja ploda je vrlo kratak i završava za nekoliko minuta (5-30 minuta). Ukoliko nakon
poroda u razdoblju od 2-3 sata posteljica nije izašla treba pristupiti liječenju zaostale
posteljice. U pogledu hranidbe mladih grla treba naglasiti da je mladom ždrebetu najbolje
mlijeko vlastite majke, koja ga ujedno i štiti, uspostavljajući uzajamno bliski odnos. Budući
da je imunosni sustav ždrebeta osjetljiv, osobito prije razvoja aktivnog imuniteta, higijena
objekta i okoliša treba biti besprijekorna. Prihrana ždrjebadi počinje nakon dva do tri tjedna
života, stavljanjem na krmni stol kvalitetnih krmiva. Važno je odbiće ždrebeta izvesti u što
kraćem razdoblju.
Najvažnije je da prije odbića ždrijebe počne konzumirati voluminozna i koncentrirana
krmiva koja zadovoljavaju njegove potrebe za hranjivim tvarima. U ovom razdoblju ždrijebe
prelazi s tekuće hrane (kobiljeg mlijeka) u biljojeda koji svoje potrebe za hranjivim tvarima
zadovoljava iz koncentriranog i voluminoznog krmiva. Dinamike promjene i razvoja u
probavnom sustavu ždrijebeta su velike. Bitno je pratiti potrebe ždrijebeta za hranjivim
tvarima, kako bi dobili zdravo, fizički i psihički stabilno odraslo grlo sposobno za daljnji
uzgoj i rad. Preporuka je, slobodno držanje na pašnjaku, ukoliko je to moguće, budući da su tu
mladi konji imaju uvjete za slobodno kretanje. Pašnjak i ispašu treba dobro isplanirati, jer se
mora izbjeći pretjerano napasivanje, kvalitetno održavati, te provoditi kontrolu korova. To
uključuje, na primjer, prikupljanje fecesa, rotiranje ispaše, micanje konja u slučaju jakih kiša,
koje će zablatiti pašnjak, zbog sprječavanja zdravstvenih problema. |
| Abstract (english) | The sexual cycle of mares lasts an average of 19 to 22 days, with variations from 18 to 24
days. In mares with well-expressed external signs of estrus, it is noticed that they are restless,
they are ticklish when brushing and during work they are often disobedient, often wet, raise
their tails, there is a flash of the pubic area. The goal of a clinical examination is to establish
an accurate diagnosis, on the basis of which an accurate and reliable prognosis is made. After
insemination, if pregnancy occurs, we must pay special attention to the mare. During
pregnancy, mares experience a number of different pathological conditions, which are of
different origins and which can endanger the fetus. Injuries that occur during childbirth are
also included in the pathology of childbirth, and are most often discovered only after its
completion. The duration of pregnancy is genetically inherited and biologically variable, and
in mares it is 336 (322 – 387) days. Fertilized eggs are 48±12 hours after ovulation in the
development phase of a total of 4 or 8 cells. Pregnancy diagnosis methods are divided into
breeding, clinical and laboratory methods. Four to six weeks before the foaling date, the mare
should be moved to a dry, clean and warm area intended for foaling. A fetus that reaches a
certain degree of maturity with its endocrine system of fetoplacental connection causes birth.
In mares, the stage of pushing out the fetus is very short and ends in a few minutes (5-30
minutes). If the placenta has not come out within 2-3 hours after delivery, the treatment of
retained placenta should be started. In terms of feeding young foals, it should be emphasized
that the best milk for a young foal is its own mother's milk, which also protects it, establishing
a mutually close relationship. Since the foal's immune system is sensitive, especially before
the development of active immunity, the hygiene of the facility and the environment should
be impeccable. Feeding the foals starts after two to three weeks of life, by putting quality
fodder on the feeding table. It is important to wean the foal as soon as possible.
The most important thing is that before the foal is weaned, it starts consuming voluminous
and concentrated fodder that meets its needs for nutrients. In this period, the foal switches
from liquid food (mare's milk) to herbivory, which meets its nutritional needs from
concentrated and voluminous fodder. The dynamics of change and development in the foal's
digestive system are great. It is essential to monitor the foal's needs for nutrients, in order to
obtain a healthy, physically and mentally stable adult head capable of further breeding and
work. It is recommended to keep them free in the pasture, if possible, since young horses have
conditions for free movement there. Pasture and grazing should be well planned, because
excessive grazing must be avoided, well maintained, and weed control implemented. This
includes, for example, collecting faeces, rotating grazing, moving horses in case of heavy
rains, which will muddy the pasture, to prevent health problems. |
