| Abstract | Tijekom posljednjih četrdeset godina zbog selekcioniranja krava na visoku mliječnost, došlo je do udvostručenja proizvodnje mlijeka po kravi. Međutim, povećana proizvodnost rezultirala je i povećanom incidencijom zdravstvenih problema i skraćenim životnim vijekom „modernih“ mliječnih krava. Iz tog razloga danas se sve više važnosti daje samom smještaju i brizi oko životinja (Oltenacu i Algers, 2005). Proizvodnja i suživot s mliječnim govedima, oduvijek je bila usko povezana s ljudskim radom i brigom za životinje. Ključni čimbenici za uspješan uzgoj su smještaj, hranidba, reprodukcija i briga o životinjama kao odraz rada i znanja.
Način držanja krava na našim područjima su: slobodno držanje krava u staji, na vezu, na pašnjaku te kombinirano. Svaki način držanja ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke. Prednost držanja krava na pašnjaku su: sloboda kretanja, prirodna hranidba, formiranje skupina unutar stada, a nedostaci: nedostatna hranidba tijekom zimskog perioda, previsoke temperature ljetnog perioda.
Krave držane na vezu u staji imaju ograničeno kretanje, manjak prostora i veći rizik od nastajanja mastitisa te ozljede papaka, dok su prednosti: iskorištavanje hrane (individualan smještaj) i regulirana klimatizacija. Kod krava držanih slobodno u staji često se javljaju problemi poput pokliznuća, natjecanja za mjesto i hranu, no pozitivno je što se krave unutar staje mogu kretati po volji.
Svakoj životinji, bez obzira na način držanja, treba osigurati prikladan smještaj, pristup vodi i hrani, omogućiti slobodu kretanja i mogućnost obavljanja fizioloških funkcija. Ti čimbenici su osnova za osiguravanje zdravlja i dobrobiti životinja. Kretanje pozitivno utječe na zdravlje i dobrobit mliječnih krava zbog cirkulacije, mišićno-koštanog sustava te na zdravlje papaka. Ukoliko smještaj i zoohogijenski uvijeti nisu prikladni, mogu nastati razne ozljede (parazitarne invazije, mastitis, respiratorne disfunkcije, frustracije i depresija). Obaveza stočara je da mliječnim kravama osiguraju čist, suh, prikladan smještaj, po mogućnosti ispust, i dovoljno kretanja. Ti čimbenici pozitivno utječu na zdravlje, proizvodnost i dobrobit krava, a samim time na proizvod i profit. |
| Abstract (english) | Due to the selection of high milk yielding cows, milk production per cow has doubled over the last forty years. However, the increase in productivity resulted also in the increase in incidence of health problems and in shortened life span of 'modern day' dairy cows. That is the reason why nowadays we put more effort in accommodation and care of animals (Oltenacu and Algers, 2005). Keeping of dairy herds and milk production were always closely associated with human labour and care of animals. The key factors of successful cultivation as accommodation, feeding, reproduction and care of the animals are the reflection of the labour and know-how. In our country, dairy cows are either kept in barns (free or tied), as grazing cows or combined. Each type of accommodation has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of keeping cows in the pasture are: freedom of movement, natural feeding, forming groups within the herd, and the disadvantage is the lack of nutrition during the winter and too high temperatures during the summer period. The cows kept tied in barns have limited movement, lack of space, greater risk of mastitis and hoof injuries, and benefits are the rational use of food (individual accommodation) and regulated air conditioning. Cows kept free in barns frequently have problems such as slipping, competition for space and food, but the positive side is that those cows can move at their own will. All animals, regardless of the manner of holding, should be provided with adequate access to water and food, have freedom of movement and the opportunity to perform their physiological functions. These factors are essential for ensuring the health and wellbeing of the animal. The movement has a positive effect on the health and wellbeing of dairy cows especially on circulation, musculoskeletal system and the hoof health. If accommodation and zoo-hygienic conditions are not suitable, they can cause a variety of injuries (parasite infestations, mastitis, respiratory dysfunction, frustration and depression). The obligation of herders is to provide dairy cows with clean, dry and suitable accommodation, preferably with a discharge and sufficient exercise because these factors have a positive impact on health,
productivity and wellbeing of cows and thus on the product and profit. |
