Prirodni mehanizmi i genetičke modifikacije za otpornost biljaka na sušu

master's thesis

• Title (english): Natural mechanism and genetic modification for drought tolerance in plants
• Author: Mara Merlak
• Mentor: Snježana Kereša (mentor)
• Committee member: Snježana Kereša (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Snježana Bolarić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Hrvoje Šarčević (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Agriculture; (Plant Breeding Genetics, Biometrics and Experimentation); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2020-09-30, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES; Agronomy

Abstract

Suša je jedan od važnih abiotskih stresova i ozbiljna ekološka prepreka pri razvoju biljaka jer
utječe na gubitak prinosa. Tolerantnost na sušu kod biljaka je kompleksno svojstvo nekih
vrsta i genotipova, te ga se može opisati kao sposobnost biljke da zadrži stabilan i visoki
prinos bez obzira na nepovoljne okolinske uvjete. Razlikujemo tri mehanizma za
prevladavanje suše kod biljaka: (1) mehanizam bijega od suše, (2) mehanizam izbjegavanja
suše, (3) mehanizam tolerantnosti na sušu. Genetička transformacija biljaka genima koji
omogućuju pojačano nakupljanje osmolita je efikasna strategija kojom se može postići
tolerantnost biljaka na stres. Dvije tehnike koje se najčešće primjenjuju za genetičke
modifikacije biljnih stanica su modifikacija pomoću bakterije Agrobacterium tumefaciens i
metoda bombardiranjem česticama. Ukupno su tri biljne vrste genetički modificirane za
tolerantnost na sušu registrirane u bazi priznatih (odobrenih) genetički modificiranih biljaka
(GM Approval Database). To su na sušu tolerantni GM kukuruz, soja i šećerna. Međutim,
samo su kukuruz i soja komercijalizirani. GM šećerna trska tolerantna na sušu još je u fazi
ispitivanja. Kukuruz, pod nazivom Genuity DroughtGard, je prvi komercijalizirani genetički
modificiran usjev tolerantan na sušu, a komercijaliziran je 2013. g u SAD-u. Verdeca HB4
soybean je genetički modificirana soja koja je komercijalizirana 2015. g u Argentini.

Abstract (english)

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses and it is severe ecological obstacle in plant
development because it causes loss in yield. Drought tolerance is a complex trait of some
plant species and genotypes and it can be described as ability for stable and high yield no
matter of unfavourable weather conditions. We can differentiate three mechanisms for
preventing plant drought : (1) drought escape, (2) drought avoidance, (3) drought tolerance.
Genetic transformation of plants with genes that enable increased accumulation of
osmolytes is efficient strategy with which stress tolerance can be achieved. Two techniques
can be used in genetic engineering, first one is with bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and
the other one is biolistic method. A total of three plant species genetically modified for
drought tolerance were registered in the GM Approval Database. These are drought tolerant
GM corn, soybean and sugar cane. However, only corn and soybean are commercialized. GM
drought tolerant sugar cane still undergoes the testing phase. Genuity DroughtGard corn
was the first genetically modified crop that is commercialized 2013. in USA. Verdeca HB4
soybean is genetically modified soybean which was commercialized 2015. in Argentina.

• Keywords: suša; mehanizmi tolerantnosti na sušu; genetičke modifikacije; kukuruz; soja
• Keywords (english): drought; drought tolerance mechanisms; genetic modification; corn; soybean
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:204:481381
• Study programme: Title: Plant Sciences; Study programme type: university; Study level: graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar / magistra inženjer/inženjerka biljnih znanosti (magistar / magistra inženjer/inženjerka biljnih znanosti)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2020-11-17 10:03:41